The hemicycle of the European Parliament in Strasbourg

Elections in the European Union take place every five years by universal adult suffrage. 785 MEPs are elected to the European Parliament which has been directly elected since 1979. No other body is directly elected although the Council of the European Union and European Council is largely composed of nationally elected officials.^[1]

Voting system

European Union

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Further information: Apportionment in the European Parliament

There is no uniform voting system for the election of MEPs; rather, each member state is free to choose its own system, subject to three restrictions:^[2]

• The system must be a form of proportional representation, under either the party list or Single Transferable Vote system.
• The electoral area may be subdivided if this will not generally affect the proportional nature of the voting system.
• Any election threshold on the national level must not exceed five percent.

The allocation of seats to each member state is based on the principle of degressive proportionality, so that, while the size of the population of each country is taken into account, smaller states elect more MEPs than would be strictly justified by their populations alone. As the number of MEPs granted to each country has arisen from treaty negotiations, there is no precise formula for the apportionment of seats among member states. No change in this configuration can occur without the unanimous consent of all governments.^[3][4]

Apportionment
Member state	Seats		Member state	Seats
Germany	99		Austria	18
France	78		Bulgaria	18
Italy	78		Finland	14
United Kingdom1	78		Denmark	14
Spain	54		Slovakia	14
Poland	54		Ireland	13
Romania	35		Lithuania	13
Netherlands	27		Latvia	9
Belgium	24		Slovenia	7
Czech Republic	24		Cyprus	6
Greece	24		Estonia	6
Hungary	24		Luxembourg	6
Portugal	24		Malta	5
Sweden	19		Total:	785
1 Includes Gibraltar, but not any other BOT, SBA or Crown dependency

Political groups

Main article: European Parliament political group

Group		Leader(s)	MEPs
	EPP-ED	Joseph Daul	284
	PES	Martin Schulz	215
	ALDE	Graham Watson	103
	UEN	Brian Crowley Cristiana Muscardini	44
	G-EFA	Monica Frassoni Daniel Cohn-Bendit	42
	GUE-NGL	Francis Wurtz	41
	ID	Nigel Farage Kathy Sinnott	24
	Non-Inscrits	MEPs without group	32	Source: European Parliament

The European Union has a multi-party system. Often no one party has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form coalitions known as "groups". However it should be noted that as no government is formed as a result of the elections, there are no permanent, formal coalitions.

The two major parties are the conservative European People's Party and socialist Party of European Socialists. They form the two largest groups, (called EPP-ED and PES respectively) along with other smaller parties. There are numerous other groups including Communists, Greens, Regionalists, National Conservatives, Liberals and Eurosceptics. Together they form the seven (from January 2007 to November 2007: eight) recognised groups in the parliament.^[5]

MEPs that are not members of groups are known as non-inscrits.

Voter behaviour

It has been a common belief among analysis that European elections are fought on national issues and used by voters to punish their governments mid-term. Turnout has also been falling steadily since the first elections in 1979 indicating increased apathy about the Parliament despite its increase in power over that period. Political scientists in Cologne have indicated voters may in fact be expressing their view on European integration. As national governments have become more pro-integration, there has been a steady rise in the number of eurosceptic MEPs elected which the scientists predict will only increase after the 2009 election. They also state that dissatisfaction with Europe, not their national governments, is prompting the increasingly low turnouts.^[6]

The turnout is an increasingly big issue for some, with some noting that in the UK, 11 million voted in the 1999 European elections while 23 million voted on the Big Brother TV show in 2002. Despite falling below 50% since 1999, turnout is not yet as low as that of the US Midterm elections which usually fall below 40%. However that situation is not criticised so much due to the fact the US President is elected separately, whereas the EU Commission President is appointed. Some such as former Parliament President Pat Cox has also noted that the 1999 election turnout was higher than the previous US Presidential election.^[7][8] It is hoped though that by more closely linking that post to the elections, turnout should increase.^[9][10][11]

Results

Historical percentage results in union-wide elections of the three major groups by region.^[12]

EP political groups, 1979 to 2004.

Conservative/Christian Democrat (CD,EPP (79-92),EPP (92-99),FE,EPP-ED)      Conservatives only (C,ED,MER)      Social Democrats (S,SOC,PES)      Communist/Far-Left (COM,LU,EUL,EUL/NGL)      Liberal/Centrist (L,LD,LDR,ERA,ELDR,ALDE)      National Conservatives (UDE,EPD,EDA,UFE,UEN)

Greens only (G)      Green/Regionalist (RBW (84-89),RBW (89-94),G/EFA)      Heterogeneous (CDI,TGI)      Independents (NI)      Eurosceptics (EN,I-EN,EDD,IND/DEM)      Far-Right Nationalist (ER,DR,ITS)

Legend:         Socialist (PES) -       Liberal (ELDR -2004- ALDE) -       People's (EPP -1994- EPP-ED)

Northern	Denmark,  Finland,  Ireland,  Sweden and  United Kingdom
Western	Austria,  Belgium,  France,  Germany,  Luxembourg and  Netherlands,
Southern	Cyprus,  Greece,  Italy,  Malta,  Portugal and  Spain
Eastern	Czech Republic,  Estonia,  Hungary,  Latvia,  Lithuania,  Poland  Slovakia and  Slovenia
Balkan	Bulgaria and  Romania

List of elections

List of all union-wide elections and by-elections;

Further information: List of European Parliament elections by state

Commission President

The third Delors Commission had a short mandate, in order to bring the terms of the Commission in line with that of the Parliament. Under the European Constitution the European Council would have to take into account the results of the latest European elections and, furthermore, the Parliament would ceremonially "elect", rather than simply approve, the Council's proposed candidate. This was taken as the parliament's cue to have its parties run with candidates for the President of the European Commission with the candidate of the winning party being proposed by the Council.^[13]

This was partly put into practice in 2004 when the European Council selected a candidate from the political party which won that year's election. However at that time only one party had run with a specific candidate: the European Green Party, who had the first true pan-European political party with a common campaign,^[14] put forward Daniel Cohn-Bendit.^[13] However the fractious nature of the other political parties led to no other candidates, the People's Party only mentioned four or five people they'd like to be President.^[15] The Constitution failed ratification but these amendments have been carried over to the Treaty of Lisbon which is planned to come into force in 2009. There are plans to strengthen the European political parties^[11] in order for them to propose candidates for the 2009 election.^[10][16] The European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party have already indicated, in their October 2007 congress, their intention for forward a candidate for the post as part of a common campaign.^[17]

In February 2008, President Barroso admitted there was a problem in legitimacy and that, despite having the same legitimacy as Prime Ministers in theory, in practice it was not the case. The low turnout creates a problem for the President's legitimacy, with the lack of a "European political sphere", but analysis claim that if citizens were voting for a list of candidates for the post of President, turn out would be much higher than that seen in recent years.^[18]

See also

References

Statistics