Europe is traditionally reckoned as one of seven continents. Geology justifies this tradition as reasonable because of the difference between the cultures of the traditional Europe and the traditional Asia. The borderline between Asia and Europe is a mountain range in Russia. This borderline therefore makes seperation of the two continents easier.citation needed Physiographically, however, it is the northwestern peninsula of the larger landmass known as Eurasia (or Afro-Eurasia): Asia occupies the eastern bulk of this continuous landmass (save the Suez Canal separating Asia and Africa) and all share a common continental shelf. Europe's eastern frontier is delineated by the Ural Mountains in Russia. The south-east boundary with Asia is not universally defined. Most commonly the Ural or, alternatively, the Emba River serve as possible boundaries. The boundary continues to the Caspian Sea, the crest of the Caucasus Mountains or, alternatively, the Kura River in the Caucasus, and on to the Black Sea; the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles conclude the Asian boundary. The Mediterranean Sea to the south separates Europe from Africa. The western boundary is the Atlantic Ocean; Iceland, though nearer to Greenland (North America) than mainland Europe, is generally included in Europe. There is ongoing debate on where the geographical centre of Europe is. (See Transcontinental nation for a more detailed description of the boundary between Asia and Europe).
Overview
Map of European countries by number of neighbouring countries.
The idea of a European "continent" is not universally held. Some geographical texts refer to a Eurasian Continent, or to a European subcontinent, given that Europe is not surrounded by sea and is, in any case, much more a cultural than a geographically definable area.
In terms of shape, Europe is a collection of connected peninsulas. The two largest of these are "mainland" Europe and Scandinavia to the north, divided from each other by the Baltic Sea. Three smaller peninsulas—Iberia, Italy and the Balkans—emerge from the southern margin of the mainland into the Mediterranean Sea, which separates Europe from Africa. Eastward, mainland Europe widens much like the mouth of a funnel, until the boundary with Asia is reached at the Ural Mountains.
Land relief in Europe shows great variation within relatively small areas. The southern regions are mountainous, while moving north the terrain descends from the high Alps, Pyrenees and Carpathians, through hilly uplands, into broad, low northern plains, which are vast in the east. An arc of uplands also exists along the northwestern seaboard, beginning in the western British Isles and continuing along the mountainous, fjord-cut spine of Norway.
This description is simplified. Sub-regions such as Iberia and Italy contain their own complex features, as does mainland Europe itself, where the relief contains many plateaus, river valleys and basins that complicate the general trend. Iceland and the British Isles[1] are special cases. The former is a land unto itself in the northern ocean which is counted as part of Europe, while the latter are upland areas that were once joined to the mainland until rising sea levels cut them off.
The few generalizations that can be made about the relief of Europe make it less than surprising that the continent's many separate regions provided homes for many separate nations throughout history.
Geology
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Europe's most significant feature is the dichotomy between highland and mountainous Southern Europe and a vast, partially underwater, northern plain ranging from England in the west to Ural Mountains in the east. These two halves are separated by the mountain chains of Pyrenees and Alps/Carpathians. The northern plains are delimited in the west by the Scandinavian Mountains and the mountainous parts of the British Isles. Major shallow water bodies submerging parts of the northern plains are the Celtic Sea the North Sea, the Baltic Sea complex and Barents Sea.
The northern plain contains the old geological continent of Baltica, and so may be regarded as the "main continent", while peripheral highlands and mountainous regions in south and west constitute fragments from various other geological continents.
Rivers
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Important rivers of Europe with approximate length:
- Volga 3,690 km
- Danube 2,860 km
- Ural 2,428 km
- Dnieper 2,290 km
- Don 1,950 km
- Pechora 1,809 km
- Kama 1,805 km
- Oka 1,500 km
- Belaya 1,430 km
- Tisza 1,358 km
- Dniester 1,352 km
- Rhine 1,320 km
- Elbe 1,091 km
- Vistula 1,047 km
- Tagus 1,038 km
- Daugava 1,020 km
- Loire 1,012 km
- Ebro 960 km
- Neman 937 km
- Sava, 933 km
- Oder, 854 km
- Rhône, 815 km
- Seine, 776 km
Lakes and inland seas
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Major islands
Iceland, Faroe Islands, Great Britain, Ireland, the rest of the British Isles, part of the Azores, Madeira, Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Ionian Islands, Crete, Aegean Islands, Åland Islands, Gotland, Saaremaa, Canary Islands, Cyprus, Svalbard, Hinnøya, Senja, Zealand, Fyn and North Jutlandic Island.
See also List of European islands by area and List of European islands by population
Plains and lowlands
Mountain ranges
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Some of Europe's major mountain ranges are:
- Ural Mountains, which separate Europe and Asia
- Caucasus Mountains, which also separate Europe and Asia, and is the namesake of the Caucasian race, not to be confused with Caucasian peoples
- Carpathian Mountains, a major mountain range in Central and Southern Europe
- Alps, the famous mountains known for their spectacular slopes
- Apennines, which run through Italy
- Pyrenees, the natural border between France and Spain
- Cantabrian Mountains, which run across northern Spain
- Scandinavian Mountains, a mountain range which runs through the Scandinavian Peninsula, includes the Kjølen mountains; one of Europes longest mountain ranges
- Dinaric Alps, a mountain range in the Balkans
- Balkan mountains, a mountain range in central Balkans
- Scottish highlands ( cairngorms, a 'low level' mountain range, in northern and central scotland.
- pennines, very low level mountain range, subject to extreme glacial sculpting, in earlier ice ages, found in northern england.
- breacon beacons and black mountains, of Wales, very small ranges and low level.
Land area in different classes of European mountainous terrain (classification from UNEP-WCMC):
| >= 4500m |
3500- 4500m |
2500- 3500m |
1500- 2500m & slope>=2° |
1000- 1500m & slope >=5°
or local elevation range >300m |
300-1000m & local elevation range >300m |
Mountainous TOTAL |
Europe TOTAL |
| 1 km2 |
225 km2 |
497886 km2 |
145838 km2 |
345255 km2 |
1222104 km2 |
2211308 km2 |
10180000 km2 |
| 0.00% |
0.00% |
4.89% |
1.43% |
3.39% |
12.00% |
21.72% |
100.00% |
Temperature and precipitation
The high mountainous areas of Europe are colder and have higher precipitation than lower areas, as is true of mountainous areas in general. Europe has less precipitation in the east than in central and Western Europe. The temperature difference between summer and winter gradually increases from coastal northwest Europe to southeast inland Europe, ranging from Ireland, with a temperature difference of only 10 °C from the warmest to the coldest month, to the area north of the Caspian Sea, with a temperature difference of 40 °C. January average range from 18°C in Tenerife, Spain to -20°C in northeastern part of European Russia.
Western Europe and parts of Central Europe generally fall into the temperate maritime climate (Cfb), the southern part is mostly a Mediterranean climate (mostly Csa, smaller area with Csb), the north-central part and east into central Russia is mostly a humid continental climate (Dfb) and the northern part of the continent is a subarctic climate (Dfc). In the extreme northern part (northernmost Russia; Svalbard), bordering the Arctic Ocean, is tundra climate (Et). Mountain ranges, such as the Alps and the Carpathian mountains, have a highland climate with large variations according to altitude and latitude.
Landlocked countries
Notes:
- Liechtenstein is doubly landlocked
- Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Kosovo, Hungary, Serbia, and the Republic of Macedonia constitute a contiguous landlocked agglomeration of nine countries in Central Europe and the Balkans, stretching from Geneva all the way to Greece
- All other landlocked countries (Luxembourg, Andorra, Vatican, San Marino, Belarus, Moldova, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan) are "standalone" landlocked countries, not bordering any other such European one (the emphasis is necessary, since Kazakhstan borders Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan, thus forming a vast landlocked expanse in Central Asia)
Countries consisting solely of islands or parts of islands
Countries bordering or spanning another continent
Eurasia
Europe-Africa
Europe-South America
Countries that share a name with their capital
Countries whose capital is not their largest city
Europe
Eurasia
List of countries by the number of other countries they border
- 14: Russia (Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea)
- 10: France
- 9: Germany
- 8: Austria, Serbia, Turkey
- 7: Hungary, Poland, Ukraine
- 6: Italy
- 5: Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania, Switzerland, Belarus, Spain, Kazakhstan, Slovakia, Republic of Macedonia
- 4: Belgium, Greece, Albania, Montenegro, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan,Kosovo
- 3: Finland, Norway, Luxembourg, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- 2: Sweden, Netherlands, Andorra, Liechtenstein, Estonia, Moldova
- 1: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom, Monaco, Portugal, Vatican City, San Marino
- 0: Iceland, Malta, Cyprus, Faroe Islands
Geography by country
Notes
- ^ The term British Isles is controversial in relation to Ireland where its use is objected by the government of the Republic of Ireland and many of its citizens. (See British Isles naming dispute).
See also
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