House of Stuart.

The Jacobite succession is the line through which the crown in pretence has descended since the flight of James II & VII from London at the time of the Glorious Revolution. James and his Jacobite successors were traditionally toasted as The King over the Water.

Claimants

The Stuarts who claimed the thrones of England, Scotland, Ireland and France after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 were, with the dates of their claim:

Descendent	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
James II & VII 6 February 1685– 16 September 1701[1]		14 October 1633 St. James's Palace son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France[1]	Anne Hyde 3 September 1660 8 children Mary of Modena 21 November 1673 7 children[1]	16 September 1701 Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye aged 67[1]
James Francis Edward Stuart ("James III & VIII") ("The Old Pretender") 16 September 1701– 1 January 1766		10 June 1688[2] St. James's Palace son of James II of England and Mary of Modena	Clementina Sobieski 3 September 1719 2 children	1 January 1766 Palazzo Muti aged 77
Charles Edward Stuart ("Charles III") ("Bonnie Prince Charlie") 1 January 1766– 31 January 1788		31 December 1720[3] Palazzo Muti son of James Francis Edward Stuart and Clementina Sobieski	never married (1 illegitimate child)	31 January 1788 Palazzo Muti aged 67
Henry Benedict Stuart ("Henry IX & I") 31 January 1788– 13 July 1807		11 March 1725[4] Rome son of James Francis Edward Stuart and Clementina Sobieski	never married	13 July 1807 Frascati aged 82

Upon Henry's death, the succession passed to a different house, and none of the Jacobite heirs since has actually claimed the thrones of England and Scotland or incorporated the arms of England and Scotland in their coats-of-arms.

• House of Savoy

Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia was a descendant of Charles I through his youngest daughter Henrietta Anne. Her daughter Anne Marie of Orléans married Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, and Charles IV was great-grandson of Queen Anne Marie in the male line.

Descendent	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia ("Charles IV") 13 July 1807– 6 October 1819		24 May 1751 Turin son of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonietta of Bourbon	Marie Clotilde of France 1775 No children	6 October 1819 Rome aged 68
Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia ("Victor") 6 October 1819– 10 January 1824		24 July 1759 Turin son of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonietta of Bourbon	Maria Teresa of Austria-Este 21 April 1789 7 children	10 January 1824 Moncalieri aged 65
Maria Beatrice of Savoy ("Mary III & II")[5] 10 January 1824– 15 September 1840		6 December 1792 daughter of Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia and Maria Teresa of Austria-Este	Francis IV, Duke of Modena 20 June 1812 4 children	15 September 1840 aged 48

• House of Austria-Este

Descendent	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Francis V, Duke of Modena' ("Francis I") 15 September 1840– 20 November 1875		1 June 1819 Modena son of Maria Beatrice of Savoy and Francis IV, Duke of Modena	Adelgunde of Bavaria 30 March 1842 1 child	20 November 1875 Vienna aged 56
Maria Theresia of Austria-Este ("Mary IV & III")[5] 20 November 1875– 3 February 1919		2 July 1849 Brno daughter of Ferdinand of Austria-Este and Elisabeth of Austria	Ludwig III of Bavaria 13 child	7 November 1918 Chiemgau aged 69

• House of Wittelsbach

Descendent	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria ("Robert I & IV") 3 February 1919– 2 August 1955		18 May 1869 Munich son of Maria Theresia of Austria-Este and Ludwig III of Bavaria	Marie Gabrielle of Bavaria 10 July 1900 Munich 4 children Antonia of Luxembourg 7 April 1921 Lenggries 6 children	2 August 1955 Schloß Leutstetten aged 86
Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria ("Albert") 2 August 1955– 8 July 1996		3 May 1905 Munich son of Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria and Marie Gabrielle of Bavaria	Countess Maria Draskovich von Trakostjan 1930 4 children Countess Marie-Jenke Keglevich von Buzin 1971 No children	8 July 1996 Castle Berg aged 91
Franz, Duke of Bavaria ("Francis II") 8 July 1996– present		14 July 1933 Munich son of Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria and Countess Maria Draskovich von Traskotjan	not married

Future descent after the Duke of Bavaria

The heir presumptive of Franz, Duke of Bavaria, is his younger brother

• Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria. Then his daughter
• Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein, and then her eldest son
• Prince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein, born 24 May 1995 in London. The first heir in the Jacobite line born in the British Isles since James III and VIII, The Old Pretender in 1688.

Alternative successions

While Franz, Duke of Bavaria, is the most universally acknowledged Stuart heir there are several others.

Alicia

If one discounts the marriage of the Duke of Bavaria's ancestress Maria Beatrice of Savoy as being invalid in British law (she married her uncle) then the succession would have passed from her to her younger sister Maria Teresa who married the Duke of Parma. Her representative today is HRH The Infanta Alicia, dowager Duchess of Calabria (b. 1917) and mother of the heir of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.^[6] Those who counter this argument, are of the stance that as the marriage was concluded validly under another jurisdiction (in Sardinia)^[7] it was recognised as valid in English and Scots law of the time and also in British law now.^{citation needed} How the alternative lineage gets from Maria Beatrice to Alicia in the first place, from 1824 onwards is presented below;

• House of Savoy

Descendent	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Maria Teresa of Savoy 10 January 1824– 16 July 1879		19 September 1803 Palazzo Colonna daughter of Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia and Maria Teresa of Austria-Este	Charles II, Duke of Parma 5 September 1820 Lucca 2 children	16 July 1879 aged 76

• House of Bourbon-Parma

Descendent	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Robert I, Duke of Parma 16 July 1879– 16 November 1907		9 July 1848 Florence son of Charles III, Duke of Parma and Louise Marie Thérèse of France	Maria Pia of the Two Sicilies 1869 12 children Maria Antonia of Portugal 1884 12 children	16 November 1907 Viareggio aged 63
Henry, Duke of Parma 16 November 1907– 16 November 1939		13 June 1873 Wartegg son of Robert I, Duke of Parma and Maria Pia of the Two Sicilies	never married	16 November 1939 Pianore aged 66
Joseph, Duke of Parma 16 November 1939– 7 January 1950		30 June 1875 Biarritz son of Robert I, Duke of Parma and Maria Pia of the Two Sicilies	never married	7 January 1950 Pianore aged 75
Elias, Duke of Parma 7 January 1950– 27 June 1959		23 July 1880 Biarritz son of Robert I, Duke of Parma and Maria Pia of the Two Sicilies	Maria Anna of Austria 25 May 1903 Vienna 8 children	27 June 1959 Friedberg aged 79
Robert II, Duke of Parma 27 June 1959– 25 November 1974		7 August 1909 Weilburg son of Elias, Duke of Parma and Maria Anna of Austria	never married	25 November 1974 Vienna aged 65
Elisabetta of Bourbon-Parma 25 November 1974– 13 June 1983		17 March 1904 Vienna daughter of Elias, Duke of Parma and Maria Anna of Austria	never married	13 June 1983 Bad Ischl aged 79
Alicia, Duchess of Calabria 13 June 1983– present		13 November 1917 Vienna daughter of Elias, Duke of Parma and Maria Anna of Austria	Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria 30 November 1901 3 children

Victor Emmanuel

In the early twentieth century Frederick Rolfe claimed that King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy was the rightful King of England, as heir to the Kings of Sardinia. Rolfe seems not to have understood that Victor Emmanuel III was not descended from that part of the house of Savoy which was descended from the Stuarts.

Elizabeth

In his book The Highland Clans, Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk claimed that Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom "is the lawful Jacobite sovereign of this realm". Moncreiffe made the following argument:

by the fourteenth century it had become common law (in both England and Scotland) that a person who was not born in the liegeance of the Sovereign, nor naturalised, could not have the capacity to succeed as an heir - he was in the strictest sense 'illegitimate', though not of course born out of wedlock. This legal incapacity of aliens to be heirs applied to all inheritances, whether honours or lands. The effect of the succession opening to a foreigner in Scotland was that, if he had not been naturalised or if his case was not covered by some special statute, the succession passed to the next heir 'of the blood', who thus became the only 'lawful' heir. It was of course always open to the Sovereign to confer an honour or an estate on a foreigner; the rule of law merely prevented aliens from being 'lawful heirs' to existing inheritances. In Scotland, this law was modified in favour of the French from the sixteenth century, but was otherwise rigorously applied until the Whig Revolution of 1688, after which it was gradually done away with by the mid-nineteenth century. It was precisely because of this law that Queen Anne found it necessary to pass a special Act of Parliament naturalising all alien-born potential royal heirs under her Act of Settlement of the throne. But, of course, from the Jacobite point of view, no new statute could be passed after 1688, and the old law remained static until the death of Cardinal York in 1807. At that time, his nearest heir in blood by the old (and therefore continuing Jacobite) law was not - as is sometimes supposed - the King of Sardinia, for the royal Sardine had not the legal capacity to be an heir in Scotland, unless naturalised (e.g. by marriage to the Sovereign) which he was not. The nearest lawful heir of the Cardinal York in 1807 was, in fact, curiously enough, King George III himself, who had been born in England (and therefore in the technical liegance of James VIII).

However, if Moncreiffe's theory that the "common law (in both England and Scotland) [was] that a person who was not born in the liegeance of the Sovereign, nor naturalised, could not have the capacity to succeed as an heir" were in fact correct, then James VI of Scotland could never have succeeded as James I of England in 1603. This problem, recognized in 1603, had been circumvented at the time of James's accession by the ahistorical assertion that Scotland and England had been "anciently but one" kingdom, and that the succession of the Scottish monarch to the throne of England was a "reuniting" of two parts of a single kingdom, i.e., that Scotland was not really a foreign country -- a concept emphasized by James's insistence on the use of the name Great Britain for the united realms of England and Scotland.

See also

• Jacobite consorts
• Family tree showing the ancestry of the Jacobite Pretenders and their relation to the UK monarchs descended from Sophia of Hanover

References

External links

• The Jacobite Heritage