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List of generic forms in British place names 

The study of place names is called toponymy; for a more detailed examination of this subject in relation to British place names, please refer to British toponymy. This article lists a number of common generic forms found in British place names, their meanings and some examples of their use.

Contents

Elements

Key to languages: C - Cumbric; K - Cornish; I - Irish; L - Latin; ME - Middle English; NF - Norman; OE - Old English; ON - Old Norse; P - Pictish; SG - Scots Gaelic; W - Welsh

Term Origin Meaning Example Position Comments
aber [1] C, W, P, K mouth (of a river), confluence, a meeting of waters Aberystwyth, Aberdyfi, Aberdeen, Aberuthven prefix
Further information: Aber and Inver as place-name elements
ac, acc, ock OE acorn, or oak tree Accrington[2], Acomb, Acton, Matlock[3]
afon [4] W, SG, K river River Avon, Glanyrafon W afon is pronounced "AH-von"; several English rivers are named Avon
ar,ard [5] I, SG height Armagh, Ardglass
ash OE ash tree Ashton-under-Lyne[6]
ast OE east Aston[7] prefix
auch(en)-, ach- [8] I, SG field Auchendinny, Auchenshuggle, Achnasheen prefix anglicised from achadh. Ach- is generally the Highland form, and Auch- the lowland. Auchen- "means field of the X" (Achadh nan X)
auchter- [9] I, SG height, top of something Auchtermuchty, Auchterarder prefix anglicised from Uachdar
axe, exe, usk Bry. from isca, meaning water Exeter, River Axe (Devon), River Exe, River Usk, Axminster.
ay, y, ey [10] ON island Ramsay, Westray, Lundy[11], Orkney suffix (usually)
bal, balla, bally, ball [12] SG, I farm, homestead Ballachulish, Balerno, Ballymena, Ballinamallard prefix anglicised from baile
beck [13] OE,ON stream Holbeck[14], Beckinsale, Troutbeck, Cod Beck
berg, berry [15] OE/ON hill (cf. 'iceberg') Roseberry Topping, In Farnborough (OE Fernaberga) [16], berg has converged toward borough
bex OE box, the tree Bexley, Bexhill-on-Sea [17] The OE name of Bexhill-on-Sea was Bexelei, a glade where box grew. [18]
blen, blaen C, W fell, hill, upland Blencathra, Blencogo, Blaenau Ffestiniog
bost [19] ON farm Leurbost suffix cf. ster, (bol)staðr; this form is usually found in the Outer Hebrides
bourne, burn OE brook, stream Bournemouth, Eastbourne[20], Ashbourne, Blackburn see also Bourne (placename)
brad OE broad Bradford[21] prefix
bre [22] C, W, K hill Bredon, Carn Brea prefix
bury, borough, brough, burgh OE fortified enclosure Aylesbury, Dewsbury, Bury[23], Middlesbrough[24], Edinburgh, Peterborough (usually) suffix See Borough for further information and other uses. Burgh is primarily Scots.
by [25] ON settlement, village Grimsby[26], Tenby usually suffix but compare Bicker (the town marsh) also survives in bylaw and by-election
carden P thicket Kincardine, Cardenden suffix
caster, chester, cester, ceter OE (<L) camp, fortification (of Roman origin) Lancaster[27], Doncaster, Gloucester, Caister, Manchester, Worcester, Chester suffix
caer, car [28] C, W (<L) camp, fortification Caerdydd, Caerleon, Carlisle[29] prefix derived from Brythonic "caer" cf Chester (OE.)/Castra (L.)
cheap, chipping OE market Chipping Norton[30], Chipping Campden, Chepstow also as part of a street name, e.g. Cheapside. 'Chippenham' is from a personal name.
combe OE (<W) valley Woolacombe (Devon), Doccombe, Ilfracombe[31] usually pronounced 'coo-m' or 'cum', cognate with cwm
coed [32] W wood, forest Betws-y-coed
cot, cott OE cottage, small building Ascot, Draycott in the Clay, Swadlincote [33] suffix
cul C narrow Culcheth[34] prefix
cwm, cum [35] W, C valley Cwmaman, Cumdivock prefix Borrowed into old English as suffix "coombe". 'Cwm' in Welsh and 'Cum', in Cumbric.
cum L cum, meaning with Salcott-cum-Virley hyphenized between two other names Different root to Cumbric cum.
dal [36] SG, I meadow, low lying area by river Dalry, Dalmellington prefix Cognate with and probably influenced by P Dol
dale [37] OE/ON valley OE, allotment OE Airedale i.e valley of the River Aire, Rochdale, Saxondale suffix Cognate with thal (Ger.), dalr (ON)
dean, den OE valley Croydon[38], Dean Village, Horndean, Todmorden[39] suffix the geography is often the only indicator as to the original root word (cf. don, a hill)
din, dinas [40] W fort Dinas Powys prefix homologous to 'dun'; see below
don OE hill Abingdon[41], Bredon suffix
drum [42] SG, I ridge, back Drumchapel, Drumnacanvy, Drumnadrochit prefix anglicised from druim
dun, dum [43] SG, I fort Dundee, Dumbarton, Dungannon prefix derived from dùn
ey, ea, eg, eig OE eg island Romsey[44], Athelney, Ely
ey OE haeg enclosure Hornsey[45], Hay (-on-Wye) separate meaning to -ey 'island' - see above
field OE open land, a forest clearing Sheffield[46], Wakefield, Huddersfield suffix
fin SG white, holy Findochty prefix anglicised from 'fionn'
firth OE wood or woodland Holmfirth, Chapel-en-le-Frith [47] suffix
firth [48] ON fjord, inlet Burrafirth, Firth of Forth from Norse fjorðr
ford, forth OE ford, crossing Bradford, Ampleforth
fos, foss L, OE ditch River Foss, Fangfoss[49] Separate from ON 'foss, force' - see below
foss, force [50] ON waterfall Aira Force, High Force Separate from L/OE 'fos, foss' - see above
gate ON road Gate Helmsley[51], Holgate
garth [52] ON enclosure Aysgarth
gill, ghyll [53] ON ravine, narrow gully Gillamoor, Garrigill, Dungeon Ghyll
glen [54] SG, I narrow valley, dale Rutherglen, Glenarm anglicised from gleann
ham OE farm, homestead, [settlement] Rotherham[55], Newham, Nottingham[56] suffix often confused by hamm, an enclosure
hithe, hythe OE wharf, place for landing boats Rotherhithe[57], Hythe, Erith
holm OE island Holmfirth, Hempholme [58]
hope OE valley, enclosed area Woolhope, Glossop [59]
hurst OE (wooded) hill Dewhurst, Woodhurst [60]
ing OE ingas people of Reading [61], the people (followers) of Reada, Spalding, the people of Spald[62] suffix sometimes survives in an apparent plural form e.g. Hastings[63]; also, often combined with 'ham' or 'ton'; 'homestead of the people of' (e.g. Birmingham, Bridlington)
inver [64] SG mouth of (a river), confluence, a meeting of waters Inverness prefix cf. 'aber'.
Further information: Aber and Inver as place-name elements
keld ON spring Keld, Threlkeld[65]
keth, cheth C wood Penketh, Culcheth[66] suffix cf. W. 'coed'
kil [67] SG, I monastic cell, old church Kilmarnock, Killead prefix anglicised from Cill
kin [68] SG, I head Kincardine, Kinallen prefix anglicised from Ceann
king OE/ON king, tribal leader King's Norton, King's Lynn, Kingston, Kingston Bagpuize, Coningsby[69]
kirk [70] ON church Kirkwall, Ormskirk
kyle [71] SG narrows Kyle of Lochalsh prefix anglicised from Caol
lan, lhan, llan [72] C, K, P, W church, churchyard, village with church, parish Lanteglos (Cornwall), Lhanbryde (Moray), Lanercost, prefix
Further information: Llan place name element
lang OE long Langdale[73], Great Langton, Kings Langley prefix
law, low OE from hlaw, a rounded hill Charlaw, Tow Law, Lewes, Ludlow[74] often standalone often a hill with a barrow or hillocks on its summit
lea, ley, leigh OE from leah, a woodland clearing Barnsley[75], Hadleigh, Leigh (usually) suffix
lin, llyn [76] C, W lake (or simply water) Lindow, Lindefferon, usually prefix
ling, lyng OE heather Lingmell
magna L great Appleby Magna,Chew Magna, Wigston Magna Primarily a medieval affectation
mere OE lake, pool Windermere[77], Grasmere, Cromer
minster OE large church, monastery Westminster, Wimborne Minster[78]
moss OE Swamp, bog Mossley, Lindow Moss, Moss Side[79]
mynydd [80] W mountain Mynydd Moel prefix
nan, nans K valley Nancledra (Cornwall) prefix
nant [81] C, W ravine or the stream in it Nantgarw, Nantwich prefix same origin as nan, nans above
ness [82] OE, ON promontory, headland (literally 'nose') Sheerness, Skegness, Inverness, Furness suffix
nor OE north Norton, Norbury, Norwich [83] prefix
pant [84] W a hollow Pantmawr
parva L little Appleby Parva, Wigston Parva
pen [85] C, K, W head (headland or hill) Penzance, Pendle, Penrith prefix also Pedn in W. Cornwall
pit P portion, share, farm Pitlochry (Perthshire), Pitmedden, Pittodrie prefix homologous with K peath
pol C, K pool or lake Polperro (Cornwall), Poltragow prefix
pont [86] L, K, W bridge Pontypridd, Pontheugh prefix can also be found in its mutated form bont, e.g, Pen-y-bont (Bridgend); originally from Latin pons
porth [87] K, W harbour Porthcawl prefix
shaw OE a wood Penshaw, Openshaw [88] standalone or suffix a fringe of woodland
stan OE stone, stony Stanmore, Stamford[89], Stanlow prefix
stead OE place, enclosed pasture Hampstead, Berkhamsted [90] suffix
ster [91] ON farm Lybster, Scrabster suffix cf. -bost from (bol)staðr
stoke OE stoc dependent farmstead, secondary settlement Stoke-on-Trent[92], Stoke Damerell (usually) standalone
stow OE (holy) place Stow-on-the-wold[93], Padstow, Chepstow
strath [94] SG wide valley, vale Strathmore (Angus) prefix derived from srath (but conflated with Brythonic "Ystrad")
street L, OE road (roman) Spittal-in-the-Street, Chester-le-Street derived from strata, L. 'paved road'
sud, sut OE south Sudbury[95], Sutton prefix
swin OE pigs, swine Swinton, Swinford (Leicestershire)[96]
tarn ON lake In modern English, usually a glacial lake in a coombe.
thorp, thorpe ON secondary settlement Cleethorpes[97], Thorpeness an outlier of an earlier settlement
thwaite, twatt [98] ON thveit a forest clearing with a dwelling, or parcel of land Huthwaite, Twatt suffix
tre [99] C, K, W settlement Trevose Head, Tregaron, Trevercraig prefix
tilly [100] SG hillock Tillicoultry, Tillydrone prefix
toft [101] ON homestead Lowestoft usually suffix
treath K beach
tun, ton OE tun enclosure, estate, homestead Tunstead, Brighton[102], Coniston OE pronunciation 'toon'. Compare en. town, nl. tuin (garden) and ger. Zaun (fence); all derived from Germanic root 'tun
weald, wold OE high woodland Wealdstone, Stow-on-the-Wold [103]
wick, wich, wych, wyke L, OE place, settlement Norwich, Ipswich, Alnwick suffix related to Latin 'vicus'(place), cf. nl. 'wijk'
wick [104] ON vik bay Runswick, Wick, Lerwick suffix cf. Jorvik (modern York)
whel C mine or cave Wheldrake
worth, worthy, wardine OE enclosure Tamworth[105], Farnworth, Holsworthy, Bredwardine usually suffix
ynys [106] W Island Ynys Mon (Anglesey)

References

  1. ^ Guide to Welsh origins of place names in Britain. Ordnance Survey (http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/freefun/didyouknow/placenames/welsh)
  2. ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=12672. Retrieved 3/7/08.
  3. ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=3357. Retrieved 3/7/08.
  4. ^ Guide to Welsh origins of place names in Britain. Ordnance Survey (http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/freefun/didyouknow/placenames/welsh)
  5. ^ Guide to Gaelic origins of place names in Britain. Ordnance Survey (http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/freefun/didyouknow/placenames/Gaelic)
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  95. ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=15375. Retrieved 3/7/08.
  96. ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=8902. Retrieved 3/7/08.
  97. ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=10467. Retrieved 3/7/08.
  98. ^ Guide to Scandanavian origins of place names in Britain. Ordnance Survey (http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/freefun/didyouknow/placenames/Scandanavian)
  99. ^ Guide to Welsh origins of place names in Britain. Ordnance Survey (http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/freefun/didyouknow/placenames/welsh)
  100. ^ Guide to Gaelic origins of place names in Britain. Ordnance Survey (http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/freefun/didyouknow/placenames/Gaelic)
  101. ^ Guide to Scandanavian origins of place names in Britain. Ordnance Survey (http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/freefun/didyouknow/placenames/Scandanavian)
  102. ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=7041. Retrieved 3/7/08.
  103. ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=6302. Retrieved 3/7/08.
  104. ^ Guide to Scandanavian origins of place names in Britain. Ordnance Survey (http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/freefun/didyouknow/placenames/Scandanavian)
  105. ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=9877. Retrieved 3/7/08.
  106. ^ Guide to Welsh origins of place names in Britain. Ordnance Survey (http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/freefun/didyouknow/placenames/welsh)

See also

External links
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