Mangalorean Catholics (Konkani: Kodialche Katholik) refer to Roman Catholics from Mangalore, who are Konkani people and speak the Konkani language. Portuguese shipping having arrived in Mangalore since 1526, Catholic missionary activities began around 1534, when Mangalore was placed under the ecclesiastic jurisdiction of the Bishop of Goa, where the Portuguese had a strong foothold.
Most of their descendants had migrated from various towns in Goa to Mangalore between 1500 to 1763 during the Portuguese-Maratha wars and the Goa Inquisition. Gradually they learnt the local languages of Mangalore, but retained Konkani as their mother tongue. After migration and subsequent relocation, they named themselves Mangalorean Catholics to distinguish themselves from their antecedent Goan counterparts. The most disconsolate memory in their history was the fifteen year captivity which they were subjected to by Tippu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore at Srirangapatna.
Today, the Mangalorean Catholic diaspora is scattered across the globe, with emigrant communities in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf and Anglosphere. In 2008, members sang for 40 hours straight at a cultural event; this entered the Guinness Book of World Records.[1]
History
-
Pre-migration era
All records of an early existence of Christians in Mangalore were lost at the time of their deportation by Tippu Sultan in 1784. Hence, it is unknown when exactly Christianity was introduced in Mangalore, but it is possible that Syrian Christians had settled in Mangalore, as they did in Kerala.[2] The early seeds of Christianity were laid in Mangalore by the European missionaries much before the Goan migration to Mangalore. In 1321, the French dominican friar Jordanus Catalani of Severac (in south-western France) landed at a place called Bhatkal near Mangalore.[3] He established a missionary station there and converted many locals to Christianity. A few of them had migrasted to Mangalore.[4] In 1498, the Portuguese explorer Vasco Da Gama landed at St Mary's Islands in Mangalore on his voyage from Portugal to India.[5]
In 1534, Mangalore was placed under the ecclesiastic jurisdiction of the Bishop of Goa. Soon missionaries were being sent there and gained a number of converts. In 1568, the Rosario Cathedral (now the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary) was erected by the Portuguese at Bolar in Mangalore. The Church of Our Lady of Mercy at Ullal and St. Francis of Assisi at Farangipet were also erected during the same time. The references to these three churches was higlighted by the Italian traveller Pietro Della Valle who visited Mangalore in 1623.[6] The number of local converts in Mangalore started increasing very slowly.[2] During the late 15th century, the Portuguese were unsuccessful in gaining converts in Mangalore due to the resistance from the Vijayanagara ruler Krishnadevraya and the Bednore Queen of Mangalore Abbakka Rani of Ullal.[7][8]
The migration era
-
Many of the Goan descendants of the present Mangalorean Catholics had fled Goa due to the Goa Inquisition introduced by the Portuguese in 1560. The King of Portugal decreed that every trace of Indian customs be eradicated completely through the Inquisition. During the Inquisition, Christians, who were suspected of practicing their ancestral religion in secret were chastised. But many Christians of Goa were attached to some of their ancient Indian customs and refused to abandon them. Those who refused to comply with the rules laid down by the Inquisition were forced to leave Goa and to settle outside the Portuguese dominion. Most of them migrated to Mangalore.[2][9] This migration is referred as the First Wave of Migration.
The Christians who left Goa were skilled cultivators who had abandoned their irrigated fields in Goa for the sake of their freedom. At the time of their immigration, Mangalore was ruled by the Bednore King Shivappa Naik (1540-1560). He evinced great interest in the development of agriculture in his domains and warmly welcomed these skilled farmers and made them holders of his fertile lands. This fact was confirmed by Dr. Francis Buchanan when he visited Mangalore in 1801. Buchanan stated that "80,000 Christians came and settled in Mangalore at the invitation of the King of Bednore." Later, this was identified probably as a misprint and should have read 8,000. However even this figure included the second emigration of Christians from Goa which brought additional farmers to Mangalore.[9]
The Sultan of Bijapur attacked Goa in 1571 and completely annihilated the Portuguese influence in Goa. These Sultans were especially known for their abomination towards Christianity. Fearing persecution, many Catholics from Goa migrated to Mangalore. This migration is referred as the Second Wave of Migration. The Christian who came during this period were mostly of the Shenvi sub-section of the Brahmin caste, from the Bardez district of Goa.[9][10] The attacks of the Maratha Empire on Goa was also a cause of migration of the Goan Catholics towards Mangalore. In 1664, Shivaji attacked the outskirts of Kudal, and began his campaign for Goa. The onslaught of his son Sambhaji along the northern territories of Goa drove nearly all the Christians to flee their homelands, and most of them migrated to Mangalore. This migration is referred as the Third Wave of Migration. During the later years, the migration slowed down due to the Maratha-Mughal wars, thus keeping Sambhaji busy in warfare.[11][12]
Post-migration era
In the mid-seventeenth century, Hyder Ali ascended to the throne of Mysore. The Portuguese had offered to help Hyder Ali against the English. But when they betrayed Hyder Ali, he took his anger against the Mangalorean Catholics. Toward the end of 1768, Hyder Ali defeated the English, and turned his attention against the Mangalorean Catholics, who were taking refuge in the fort at Mangalore, which the British had captured from the Portuguese on March 1, 1768. Hyder Ali accompanied by his son Tippu conquered Mangalore and re-captured Mangalore fort. Later, the British were forced into a peace treaty with Hyder Ali and the fort at Mangalore was given back to the Portuguese. The hardest times the Mangalorean Catholics had to endure were during the reign of Tippu Sultan, who ascended to the throne of Mysore following his father Hyder Ali's death in December 1782. On May 20, 1783, Tipu Sultan laid siege to the Mangalore fort, which harboured the Mangalorean Catholics and the English army. After 18 months of siege, the fort was finally delivered to Tippu in an armistice. Tippu ordered many atrocities to be committed against those Christians condemned for treachery.
The captivity of the Mangalorean Catholics at Srirangapatna, which began on 24 February 1784 and ended on 4 May 1799, remains the most disconsolate memory in the history of Mangalorean Catholics.[13] Soon after the Treaty of Mangalore in 1784, Tippu issued orders to all stations in Mangalore to seize the Christians, confiscate their estates, and deport them to Srirangapatna.[14] The Mangalorean Catholics were caught in the crossfire of Anglo-Mysore relations. Around 60,000 of them were captured and were forced to climb nearly 4,000 feet through the jungles of the Western Ghat mountain ranges.[15] The distance to Srirangapatna was approximately 210 miles from Mangalore. The Mangalorean Catholics had to suffer many hardships on the way. Tippu was set about eradicating Christianity completely. All Christian churches were razed to the ground and all land owned by the captured Christians was taken over by Tippu and distributed among his favorites. After arriving at Srirangapatna, the survivors had to face conversions, torture or death.[16][17]
After the death of Tippu Sultan in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War on 4 May 1799, the Mangalorean Catholics were freed. The captivity exterminated nearly 92% of the entire Mangalorean Catholic community. After they were freed, all their belongings had disappeared and their deserted lands were cultivated by the Bunts.[18] Later, The British took over South Canara. Some 15,000 of the exiled Mangalorean Catholics survived. British general Arthur Wellesley helped some 10,000 of them return to Mangalore and resettle on their lands. The present Mangalorean Catholic community are the descendants of those survivors.[19] Recently, a Konkani cultural event Konkani Nirantari [20] held in Mangalore by a Mangalorean Catholic organization Mandd Sobhann had recently entered the Guinness Book of World Records for holding a 40-hour-long non-stop musical singing record by beating a Brazilian musical troupe Communidade Evangelica Luterana São Paulo (Lutheran Evangelical Community of São Paulo) of Universidade Luterana do Brasil (Lutheran University of Brazil) who had previously held the world record of 36 hours.[1]
Geographical distribution
Distribution of Mangalorean Catholics in India
According to the 2001 census, the Mangalore Diocese estimates the population of Mangalorean Catholics to be 340,654[21], of the total population of 3,009,973 in Mangalore[22], thus constituting 11.3% of the population. According to Joe Lobo, the president of the Indian Catholic Association of Florida, approximately 50% of the Mangalorean Catholics today live in Mangalore and are mostly based in the Dakshina Kannada district.
Mangalorean Catholics are also found in other parts of India. According to Joe Lobo, approximately 30% of them have moved to other parts of India. Thus, approximately 80% of the entire community is found in India. They are especially found in Bombay and Bangalore and have a small presence in other Indian cities.[23]
According to Joe Lobo, the remaining 20% are found outside India. Overseas regions where they are found are the Arab Gulf nations in the Middle East including Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, and Kuwait. Some of them have also migrated to the Anglospheric world including the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Recent emigrants are also found in European Union and Africa. The Mangalorean Catholic Association Of Sydney (MCAS) has estimated that there are over 300 Mangalorean Catholic families in Sydney.[24]
Culture
-
The culture of Mangalorean Catholics is a blend of Goan and Mangalorean cultures. After migration to Mangalore, they adopted the local Mangalorean culture, but retained many of their Goan customs and traditions. Their traditional houses, observed only in Mangalore, have spacious porticos, red cement or terra cotta floors and fruit trees around the house.
Cuisine
-
Fish Curry in Mangalorean Catholic style
The Mangalorean Catholic cuisine has large Mangalorean, Goan, and Portuguese influences. Their curry uses a lot of coconut and curry leaves. Pork dishes like Laitao and Pork Sorpotel reflect the Portuguese influence on their cuisine. Mangalorean Catholics mix pork blood and other parts in most of their pork dishes like Cabidella, Pork Bafat, and Kalleze un Kiti (Heart and Intestines). Sanna-Dukra Maas (Sanna – idli fluffed with toddy or yeast; Dukra Maas – Pork) is the most popular dish.[25] The traditional Rosachi kadi, a fish curry made with coconut juice, is quite popular, especially during weddings. The Sheveo Roce and Pathal Bakri (a variant of Kori Rotti) are popular chicken delicacies. Other unique specialities include Kori Kachpu, a spicy chicken gravy. The Pollu, a type of sambar, with Galmbi (powered dried fish) or Kambulmas (Dried Tuna), is a well known curry.[26]
Patrode, a dish of colocasia leaves stuffed with rice, dal, jaggery, coconut, and spices is also popular.[27] The traditional Fode is a popular pickle. Thail Piao (vegetables with oil and onions), Karamb (cucumber salad), and Foka (lady’s finger with cashewnuts) are some other vegetarian dishes. The Panpole made of soaked rice, water and salt, is eaten during breakfast. The Thath Bakri, made with ground red boiled rice mixed with raw coconut, is usually preferred during ceremonies. The Mitais, Mandas, Ushae, Pitae, and Mani are well known sweet dishes. The Kuswar refers to sweet delicacies prepared during Christmas which include Kidyo and Neuries.[28]
Names and surnames
-
Bilingual names, having variants in both Konkani and English, like Zuãuñ (John) and Pedru (Peter) are most commonly found among Mangalorean Catholics. Another popular naming convention is the use of English names which don't have Konkani variants, like Kenneth and Kimberly. Other European names, like Savio and Andrea are also quite popular while Indian names like Rohit, Rahul and Anita are also found. Portuguese surnames are most abundantly found among Mangalorean Catholics. Spanish surnames are also found, but basically observed due to the proximity of the Portuguese and Spanish languages. English surnames derived from English names like Thomas and John are also found. Many Mangalorean Catholics had also reverted to their original Goud Saraswat Brahmin surnames like Prabhu, Kamat, Pai, and Shenoy.
| Mangalorean Catholic variant |
English variant |
Meaning |
Sex |
| Bawthi |
Baptist |
One who baptizes |
Male |
| Mingel |
Michael |
Who is like God? |
Male |
| Paullu |
Paul |
Small |
Male |
| Pedru |
Peter |
Stone |
Male |
| Šila |
Sylvester |
Wooded |
Male |
| Zuãuñ |
John |
God is gracious |
Male |
| Zâbel |
Elizabeth |
My God is my oath |
Female |
| Zoze |
Joseph |
The Lord will add |
Male |
| Source: English-konkani Dictionary[29] |
|
|
Language and literature
-
Mangalorean Catholics have strong feelings towards the Konkani language, which was venerated in the fact that they have retained it as their mothertongue even after the migration. It has historically been, and to large extent still is, central to the Mangalorean Catholic identity. They basically speak Mangalorean Konkani, a variant of Konkani, which is an Indo-Aryan language, belonging to the Indo-European family of languages, spoken predominantly on the west coast of India. The Mangalorean variant has a large infusion of Tulu and other Kannada words, the former derived from the Tuluvas, the indigenous inabitants of Mangalore, the latter from the long subjection of Mangalore to Kannada dynasties. The Mangalorean Catholic variant has slight differences as compared to the Mangalorean Goud Saraswat Brahmin variant of Konkani.[30]
Traditions and festivals
A typical Mangalorean Catholic sado.
Mangalorean Catholics have retained many of thier old Indian customs and traditions. The Ros (Anointing in Konkani) is conducted one or two days before the wedding where the bride and groom are blessed by their parents in the presence of relatives and anointed with coconut oil. Other traditions include Soirik (betrothal) and exchange of Paan Pod (betel leaves) during marriage ceremonies.[31][32] The tradition Of Voviyo (wedding songs) which are sung by women during a Ros is a unique tradition among Mangalorean Catholics.[33][34] Indian traditions include the adoming of the bride with the Sarpolli, Pidduk or Mangala-sutra, the wearing of which indicates her Ayaponn (destiny), the Onpnni or giving away the bride formally by the father or the guardian of the bridegroom, Porthoponn, which is a re-invitation to the bride's house and singing of Honvious. Some other traditions include Novemjeevon or partaking of the food prepared from new corn and Novem or the blessing of new crops.[35]
Mangalorean Catholics celebrate many unique festivals which have both religious as well as historical significance. Monti Fest is one of the major festivals of the Mangalorean Catholic community, celebrated on September 8, which combines the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary and blessing of Novem (new crops). Monti Fest had originated at Farangipet in 1763 by Father Miranda when Tippu Sultan had destroyed all churches in Mangalore but had spared Monte Mariano Church in deference to his father Hyder Ali's friendship with Father Miranda.[36] Attur Jatre or Attur Fest is the feast of St. Lawrence celebrated in the St Lawrence Shrine on the outskirts of Karkala in Mangalore. This shrine has a history of miracles with its origin tracing back to 1759. The Eucharistic Procession (Evkaristic Purshanv in Konkani) is an annual Catholic religious procession led by the Bishop of Mangalore from the Milagres Church to the Rosario Cathedral. The procession is led on the first Sunday of the New Year of the Gregorian calendar and culminates with a mass and community prayers with the theme for the year reflected and the faithful craving blessings for a wonderful year ahead. Many religious festivals are also celebrated in the St Aloysius Chapel in Mangalore.[25]
Organizations
There are many numerous well established organizations which cater to Mangalorean Catholics in Mangalore. The first session of the Canara Konkani Catholic World Convention took place on 27 December 2004 in Mangalore.[37] The Kanara Catholic Association (KCA Bangalore) was formed in 1955 for the Mangalorean Catholics in the Indian city of Bangalore. In addition to KCA Bangalore, Bangalore also harbours nine more Mangalorean Catholic organizations which are spread across the city. The Mangalore Catholic Association (MCA) (formerly Mangalore Catholic Club (MCC)) was formed on 10 February 1996 in the Indian town of Pune to bring together the many Mangalorean Catholics scattered all over Pune.[38]
Mangalorean United Konkani Association (MUKA) is a well established association which caters to the English Catholics, of Mangalorean origin in the city of Nottingham in United Kingdom.[39] America's Mangalorean Konkani Catholic Prayer Society (AMKCPS) is an online prayer society established on January 1, 2005for the American and Canadian Catholics who have family roots in the Diocese of Mangalore. Mangalorean Konkan Christian Association (MKCA) is a well known organization in the United States for the American Catholics of Mangalorean origin. The KCA UK was established for the British Catholics of Mangalorean origin in the city of Manchester in United Kingdom. The Mangalorean Catholic Association of Victoria (MCAV) was the very first Association for Mangalorean Catholics in Australia that had been built on a solid foundation of a constitution and an elected management committee.[40] In 2006, the Mangalorean Catholic Association Of Sydney (MCAS) was established in Sydney, which was the third Mangalorean Catholic association in the world. The other two were Nottingham in UK, and Melbourne in Australia. In Canada, the most notable organization remains the Mangalorean Association of Canada.
Notable Mangalorean Catholics
See also
Notes
- ^ a b "Mangalore: Guinness Adjudicator Hopeful of Certifying Konkani Nirantari", Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore (2008-01-25). Retrieved on 2008-02-01.
- ^ a b c Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 4
- ^ Jordanus & Yule 2001, p. 40
- ^ "The great prelates who shaped the history of Diocese of Quilon". Quilon Diocese. Retrieved on 2008-01-14.
- ^ J. Kamath (2002-09-16). "Where rocks tell a tale", The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved on 2008-07-08.
- ^ Raviprasad Kamila (2004-11-27). "The holy heritage", The Hindu. Retrieved on 2008-08-23.
- ^ "Abbakka Rani : The Unsung Warrior Queen". Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. Retrieved on 2008-08-24.
- ^ Press Information Bureau. "Queen Abbakka’s triumph over western colonisers". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-08-24.
- ^ a b c Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 5
- ^ Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 8
- ^ Joe Lobo. "Goa and Mangolorean". Indian Catholic Association of Florida. Retrieved on 2008-08-26.
- ^ "KCA Bangalore History". Kanara Catholic Association, Bangalore (KCA Bangalore). Retrieved on 2008-08-23.
- ^ "Deportation & The Konkani Christian Captivity at Srirangapatna (1784 Feb. 24th Ash Wednesday)". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Retrieved on 2008-02-29.
- ^ Forrest 1887, pp. 314–316
- ^ Prasad 1980, p. 20
- ^ Natan 2006, p. 655
- ^ "Christianity in Mangalore". Diocese of Mangalore. Retrieved on 2008-07-30.
- ^ Silva Fuchs, p. 2
- ^ "The Konkani Christians". Indian Catholic. Retrieved on 2008-03-01.
- ^ "Details of Konkani Nirantari". Konkani Nirantari. Retrieved on 2008-02-29.
- ^ "Mangalore Diocese". Catholic Bishop's Conference of India (C.B.C.I). Retrieved on 2008-01-14.
- ^ "Census 2001". Census of India. Retrieved on 2008-02-29.
- ^ Raj & Dempsey 2002, p. 73
- ^ "The Birth of the Mangalorean Catholic Association of Sydney Inc. (MCAS)" (PDF, 15.8 KB). Mangalorean Catholic Association Of Sydney (MCAS). Retrieved on 2008-02-29.
- ^ a b Stephen D'Souza. "What's in a Name?". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Retrieved on 2008-03-04.
- ^ "Typically home", The Hindu (2007-08-11). Retrieved on 2008-07-09.
- ^ Sen 2004, p. 110
- ^ "Santa, cakes and kuswar", The Hindu (2006-11-25). Retrieved on 2008-08-29.
- ^ Maffei 2001, p. 541
- ^ Asiatic Society of Bombay, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland Bombay Branch 1853, p. 300
- ^ Saradesāya 2000, p. 73
- ^ Silva Fuchs, p. 25
- ^ Maurice D’Mello. "The Tradition of Voviyo" (DOC, 77 KB). Konkani Sahitya Kala Foundation. Retrieved on 2008-03-12.
- ^ Silva Fuchs, p. 26
- ^ Saradesāya 2000, p. 74
- ^ John B. Monteiro. "Monti Fest Originated at Farangipet - 240 Years Ago!". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Retrieved on 2008-01-15.
- ^ "World Convention: The History of Canara Konkani Catholics". Mangalorean.Com. Retrieved on 2008-03-01.
- ^ S Raye (1999-09-20). "Little Mangalore in Pune". Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Ltd.. Retrieved on 2008-03-13.
- ^ Mangalorean United Konkani Association (MUKA) (2007-09-09). "Monthi Fest Celebrations Around The World". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-08-26.
- ^ "Mangalorean Catholic Association of Victoria (MCAV)". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Retrieved on 2008-02-29.
- ^ "George Fernandes, Defence Minister of India". Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, Mussoorie. Retrieved on 2008-08-23.
- ^ "Archbishop Lawrence John Saldanha". Catholic-Hierarchy. Retrieved on 2008-08-23.
- ^ "Biographical Sketch (Margaret Alva)". Indian Parliament. Retrieved on 2008-08-23.
- ^ "Biographical Sketch (Oscar Fernandes)". Rajya Sabha, Parliament of India. Retrieved on 2008-08-23.
- ^ "Sri Blasius M D'Souza". Karnataka Legislature. Retrieved on 2008-08-23.
- ^ "Biography (Richard Crasta)". RichardCrasta.com. Retrieved on 2008-08-23.
- ^ Brian Nazareth. "Viren Rasquinha Admirably Leading Dosti Series". mangalorean.com. Retrieved on 2008-08-23.
- ^ Abdulla Mahmood (2008-07-15). "Big-time girl: Genelia D'Souza", Gulf News. Retrieved on 2008-08-23.
- ^ "Genelia was born in India See article for details". Rediff.com. Retrieved on 2008-08-04.
References
- Asiatic Society of Bombay; Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain, Ireland Bombay Branch (1853). Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay 4. Bombay: Bombay Education Society's Press.
- Bowring, Lewin B. (1997). Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan and the Struggle with the Musalman Powers of the South. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120612990. Retrieved on 2008-08-27.
- Forrest, George W. (1887). Selections from the Letters, Despatches, and Other State Papers Preserved in the Bombay Secretariat 2. Bombay: Government Central Press.
- Jordanus, Catalani; Henry Yule (2001). Mirabilia Descripta: The Wonders of the East. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 1402195559. Retrieved on 2008-07-08.
- Maffei, Angelus Francis Xavier (2001). English-konkani Dictionary. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 8120606264. Retrieved on 2008-08-24.
- Natan, Yoel (2006). Moon-O-Theism: Religion of a War and Moon God Prophet. ISBN 9781411617650. Retrieved on 2008-08-26.
- Prasad, Ram Chandra (1980). Early English Travellers in India: A Study in the Travel Literature of the Elizabethan and Jacobean Periods with Particular Reference to India. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. ISBN 8120824652. Retrieved on 2008-08-27.
- Raj, Selva J.; Corinne G. Dempsey (2002). Popular Christianity in India: Riting Between the Lines. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791455197. Retrieved on 2008-08-28.
- Saradesāya, Manohararāya (2000). A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 8172016646. Retrieved on 2008-08-23.
- Sen, Colleen Taylor (2004). Food Culture in India. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313324875. Retrieved on 2008-08-29.
- Silva, Severine; Stephen Fuchs (1965). The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara (PDF, 2.48 MB), 2, Asian Folklore Studies, Nanzan University (Japan). Retrieved on 2008-07-08.
Further reading
- Farias, Kranti K. (1999). The Christian Impact on South Kanara. Church History Association of India.
- Lobo, Michael. A Genealogical Encyclopaedia of Mangalorean Catholic Families.
- Lobo, Michael (2000). Distinguished Mangalorean Catholics 1800-2000 - A Historico-Biographical Survey of the Mangalorean Catholic Community. Camelot Publishers. ISBN 9788187609018.
- Lobo, Michael (1999). Mangaloreans World-wide: An International Directory of the Mangalorean Catholic Community. Camelot Publishers. ISBN 8187609001.
- Lobo, Michael (2000). The Mangalorean Catholic Community — A Professional History / Directory.
- Pinto, Pius Fidelis (2004). Canaranthle Konknni Catholic (in Konkani). Mangalore: Samanvaya Prakashan.
- Pinto, Pius Fidelis (1999). Desaantar Thaun Bandhadek – Karavali Karnatakantle Konkani Kristanv (in Konkani). Mangalore: Samanvaya Prakashan.
- Pinto, Pius Fidelis (1999). History of Christians in Coastal Karnataka, 1500-1763 A.D.. Mangalore: Samanvaya Prakashan.
- Pinto, Pius Fidelis (1999). Konkani Christians of Coastal Karnataka in Anglo-Mysore Relations 1761-1799. Mangalore: Samanvaya Prakashan.
- Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians. I.J.A. Publications. ISBN 9788186778258.
- Prabhu, Mohan. Ancient and pre-modern History of the Mangalorean Catholic Community.
External links
|
