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Marshal of France 

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Modern Insignia: Maréchal de France
Modern Insignia: Maréchal de France
Baton of a modern Marshal of France
Baton of a modern Marshal of France
Imperial coat of arms of marshal of the First French Empire prince Józef Poniatowski with Légion d'honneur, Order of the White Eagle, Virtuti Militari insignia
Imperial coat of arms of marshal of the First French Empire prince Józef Poniatowski with Légion d'honneur, Order of the White Eagle, Virtuti Militari insignia

The Marshal of France (French: Maréchal de France and pl Maréchaux de France) is a military distinction in contemporary France, not a military rank. It is granted to generals for exceptional achievements. It was one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France during the Ancien Régime and Bourbon Restoration and one of the Great Dignitaries of the Empire during the First French Empire (when the title was not "Marshal of France" but "Marshal of the Empire").

A Marshal of France displays seven stars. The marshal also receives a baton, a blue cylinder with stars, formerly fleurs-de-lis during the monarchy and Eagles during the First French Empire. It has the Latin inscription: Terror belli, decus pacis, which means "Terror in war, ornament in peace".

Six Marshals of France have been given the even more exalted rank of Marshal General of France: Biron, Lesdiguières, Turenne, Villars, Saxe and Soult.

Terror belli...

... decus pacis

Contents

History

The title derived from the office of marescallus Franciae created by Philippe Auguste for Albéric Clément (circa 1190).

The title was abolished by the National Convention in 1793. It was restored during the First French Empire by Napoleon I as Marshal of the Empire. Under the Bourbon Restoration, the title reverted to Marshal of France and Napoléon III kept that designation.

After the fall of Napoleon III and the Second French Empire, the Third republic did not use the title until the First World War, when it was recreated as a military distinction and not a rank.

Philippe Pétain, awarded the distinction of Marshal of France for his generalship in World War I, retained his title even after his trial and imprisonment and after he was stripped of other positions and titles.

The last living Marshal of France was Alphonse Juin, promoted in 1952, who died in 1967. The latest Marshal of France was Marie Pierre Koenig, who was made a Marshal posthumously in 1984.

Today, the title of Marshal of France can only be granted to a General officer who fought victoriously in war-time.

Direct Capetians

Six Marshals under Philip II, 1180 – 1223

Eight Marshals under Louis IX, 1226 – 1270

Four Marshals under Philip III, 1270 – 1285

Six Marshals under Philip IV, 1285 – 1314

One Marshal under Louis X, 1314 – 1316

Three Marshals under Philip V, 1316 – 1322

One Marshal under Charles IV, 1322 – 1328

Valois

Five Marshals under Philip VI, 1328 – 1350

Four Marshals under John II, 1350 – 1364

Two Marshals under Charles V, 1364 – 1380

Nine Marshals under Charles VI, 1380 – 1422

Six Marshals under Charles VII, 1422 – 1461

  • Amaury de Séverac, Lord of Beaucaire and of Chaude-Aigues (died 1427), Marshal of France in 1424
  • Jean de Brosse, Baron of Boussac and of Sainte-Sévère (1375 - 1433), Marshal of France in 1426
  • Gilles de Rais, Lord of Ingrande and of Champtocé (1404 - 1440), Marshal of France in 1429
  • André de Laval-Montmorency, Lord of Lohéac and of Retz (1408 - 1486), Marshal of France in 1439
  • Philippe de Culant, Lord of Jaloignes, of La Croisette, of Saint-Armand and of Chalais (died 1454), Marshal of France in 1441
  • Jean Poton de Xaintrailles, Seneschal de Limousin (1390 - 1461), Marshal of France in 1454

Four Marshals under Louis XI, 1461 – 1483

Two Marshals under Charles VIII, 1483 – 1498

Valois-Orléans

Four Marshals under Louis XII, 1498 – 1515

Valois-Angoulême

Twelve Marshals under Francis I, 1515 – 1547

Five Marshals under Henry II, 1547 – 1559

One Marshal under Francis II, 1559 – 1560

Five Marshals under Charles IX, 1560 – 1574

Seven Marshals under Henry III, 1574 – 1589

Bourbons

Eleven Marshals under Henry IV, 1589 – 1610

Thirty-four Marshals under Louis XIII, 1610 – 1643

Fifty-one Marshals under Louis XIV, 1643 – 1715

Thirty-four Marshals under Louis XV, 1715 – 1774

Twenty Marshals under Louis XVI, 1774 – 1792

Baton of the Napoleonic Marshals
Baton of the Napoleonic Marshals

First Empire

Twenty-six Marshals under Napoleon I, 1804 – 1814[1]

The names of many of these have been given to successive stretches of an avenue encircling Paris, which has thus been nicknamed the Boulevard des Maréchaux (Marshals' Boulevard").

Second Restoration

Six Marshals under Louis XVIII, 1815 – 1824

Three Marshals under Charles X, 1824 – 1830

July Monarchy

Ten Marshals under Louis-Philippe 1830 – 1848

Second Republic

Seven Marshals under Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, 1848 – 1852

Second Empire

Twelve Marshals under Napoleon III, 1852 – 1870

Third Republic

Three Marshals under Raymond Poincaré, 1913 – 1920

Five Marshals under Alexandre Millerand, 1920 – 1924

Fourth Republic

Three Marshals under Vincent Auriol, 1947 – 1954

Fifth Republic

One Marshal under François Mitterrand, 1981 – 1995

See also

References

  1. ^ R P Dunn-Pattison Napoleon's Marshals Methuen 1909 - Reprinted Empiricus Books 2001
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