The term Turkish diaspora (Turkish: Türk diyasporası) refers to the estimated population of Turkish people in the world migrated outside of Turkey.[1]
Turkish people
Turkish people primarily live in Turkey; however, when the borders of the Ottoman Empire became smaller after World War I and the foundation of the new Republic; many Turkish people chose to stay outside Turkey's borders. Since then, some of them have migrated to Turkey but there are still significant minorities of Turks living in different countries such as in Northern Cyprus, Greece, Bulgaria, Syria, Iraq, Republic of Macedonia, the Dobruja region of Romania and Kosovo (especially in Prizren). These Turkish people are not to be confused with the Turkish diaspora as they are considered to be 'native Turks' due to living in these countries for hundreds of years and thus are not immigrates.
Turkish people living in other countries outside of Turkey can be summarized into three groups[2];
- People who have stayed out of the borders after the Republic of Turkey was formed (Turkish Natives)
- People who, from Central Asia, have not come to Anatolia (Turkish people in Central Asia)
- People who have departed to other countries as (Turkish diaspora)
In the Republic of Turkey, an early history text provided the definition of being a Turk as "any individual within the Republic of Turkey, whatever his faith who speaks Turkish, grows up with Turkish culture and adopts the Turkish ideal is a Turk." This ideal came from the beliefs of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk[3].
History of the Turkish diaspora
The main migration of Turkish people to Anatolia occurred at the same time of Turkic migration between the 6th and 11th centuries (the Early Middle Ages), when they spread across most of Central Asia and into Europe and the Middle East. The Seljuk Turks (Selçuk Türkleri) were the first Turkish power to arrive in the 11th century as conquerors, who proceeded to gradually conquer the land of existing Byzantine Empire. In the following centuries the local population began to be assimilated from the emerging Turkic migrants. Over time, as word spread regarding the victory of the Turks in Anatolia, more Turkic migrants began to intermingle with the local inhabitants, which helped to bolster the Turkish-speaking population.
Turks in Europe
The post-war migration of Turks to Europe began with ‘guest workers’ who arrived under the terms of a Labour Export Agreement with Germany in October 1961, followed by a similar agreement with the Netherlands, Belgium and Austria in 1964; France in 1965 and Sweden in 1967. As one Turkish observer noted, ‘it has now been over 40 years and a Turk who went to Europe at the age of 25 has nearly reached the age of 70. His children have reached the age of 45 and their children have reached the age of 20’ [4]. Due to the high rate of Turks in Europe, the Turkish language is now home to one of the largest group of pupils after the German-speakers. Turkish in Germany is often used not only by members of its own community but also by people with a non-Turkish background. Especially in urban areas, it functions as a peer group vernacular for children and adolescents [5]. The increasing Turkish population of Europe can be explained by the continuation of migration through marriages and by the high birth rate of the Turkish population. This high rate has as a consequence that Turkish migrant population is very young (1/3 is under 18 years old); more than 80% of these young people have been born and schooled in Europe.
Turks in North America
In the United States, the largest Turkish communities are found in Paterson, New York City, Chicago, Miami, and Los Angeles. Since the 1970s, the number of Turkish immigrants has risen to more than 2,000 per year. There is also a growing Turkish population in Canada, Turkish immigrants have settled mainly in Montreal and Toronto, although there are small Turkish communities in Calgary, Edmonton, London, Ottawa, and Vancouver. The population of Turkish Canadians in Metropolitan Toronto may be as large as 5,000 [6].
Turkish nationality
-
Citizenship is defined in Article 66 of the Constitution of Turkey as:
- Everyone bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship is a Turk.
- The child of a Turkish father or a Turkish mother is a Turk.
- Citizenship can be acquired under the conditions stipulated by law, and shall be forfeited only in cases determined by law.
- No Turk shall be deprived of citizenship, unless he commits an act incompatible with loyalty to the motherland.
- Recourse to the courts in appeal against the decisions and proceedings related to the deprivation of citizenship, shall not be denied.
–  1982 constitution., Article 66 (as amended on October 17, 2001)
Turkish natives
Turkish natives are those who are the direct decendents of the Seljuk Turks and the Ottoman Turks who still live in the territories of both the empires.
| Rank |
Country |
Capital |
Number of ethnic Turks |
Date of reference |
More information, remarks |
| 1 |
 Turkey |
Ankara |
57,680,000[7] |
2007 |
Turkish people
Note: Turkey's total population: 70,586,256 (2008)[8] |
| 2 |
 Iraq |
Baghdad |
From 222,000[9][10] to 2,000,000[11][12] |
2003/04 |
Iraqi Turkmen
Not to be confused with Turkmen people |
| 3 |
 Syria |
Damascus |
c. 1,500,000[13]verification needed |
2005 |
Turks in Syria
Not to be confused with Turkmen people |
| 3 |
 Bulgaria |
Sofia |
750,000 [14][15] |
2005 |
Turks in Bulgaria
A further 326,000 live in Turkey |
| 4 |
 Northern Cyprus |
Nicosia |
250,000 [16] |
2006 |
Turkish Cypriot
Including settlers from Turkey |
| 5 |
 Greece |
Athens |
80-120,000 [17][18][19] |
1990 |
Turks of the Dodecanese
Turks of Western Thrace |
| 6 |
 Republic of Macedonia |
Skopje |
80,000 [20][21] |
2002 |
Turks in the Republic of Macedonia
Turkish language has official status in some areas |
| 7 |
 Kosovo |
Pristina |
60,000 [22] |
2000 |
Turks in Kosovo
Turkish language has official status in Prizren |
| 8 |
 Romania |
Bucharest |
44,500 [23][24] |
2002 |
Turks in Romania |
| 9 |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Sarajevo |
4,000 |
|
|
| 10 |
 Cyprus |
Nicosia |
2,500 |
|
Turkish cypriot
Turkish language has official status |
| 11 |
 Albania |
Tirana |
N/A |
|
|
| Total |
|
c. |
|
There is also a further 300,000 Meskhetian Turks and 300,000 Cretan Turks of Turkish decent.
Turkish people in Central Asia
Turkish diaspora
| Rank |
Country |
Capital |
Number of ethnic Turks |
Date of reference |
More information, remarks |
| 1 |
 Germany |
Berlin |
2,700,000 [26] |
2007 |
Turks in Germany
- See also: Demographics of Germany
|
| 2 |
 France |
Paris |
500,000 [27] |
2002 |
Turks in France |
| 3 |
 Netherlands |
Amsterdam |
372 714[28] |
2008 |
Turks in the Netherlands |
| 4 |
 United Kingdom |
London |
400,000[29] |
2003 |
Turks in the United Kingdom
The majority of the population are Turkish cypriot. Turkish is the seventh most commonly spoken language in London [30] |
| 7 |
 Austria |
Vienna |
250,000[31] |
2003 |
Turks in Austria
- See also: Demographics of Austria
|
| 8 |
 United States |
Washington, D.C. |
200,000 [32] |
2002 |
Turkish American
An estimated 500,000 of Turkish decent [33] [34] |
| 9 |
 Belgium |
Brussels |
230,000 |
2003 |
Turks in Belgium |
| 10 |
 Brazil |
Brasilia |
21,000[35] |
2002 |
Turks in Brazil |
| 11 |
 Switzerland |
Berne |
100,000 [36] |
2000 |
Turks in Switzerland |
| 12 |
 Russia |
Moscow |
100,000 [37] |
2002 |
Turks in Russia |
| 13 |
 Saudi Arabia |
Riyadh |
80-120,000 [38][39] |
2006 |
Turks in Saudi Arabia |
| 14 |
 Sweden |
Stockholm |
60,000 |
|
Turks in Sweden |
| 15 |
 Azerbaijan |
Baku |
50,000 [40] |
1999 |
Turks in Azerbaijan |
| 16 |
 Australia |
Canberra |
54,595[41] |
2001 |
Turks in Australia |
| 17 |
 Denmark |
Copenhagen |
57,130 [42] |
2003 |
Turks in Denmark |
| 18 |
 Canada |
Ottawa |
50,000 [43][44] |
2006 |
Turks in Canada
An additional 4,285 Cypriots live in Canada of undeclared ethnicity. |
| 19 |
 Venezuela |
Caracas |
28,000 [45] |
est. |
Turks in Venezuela |
| 20 |
 Israel |
Jerusalem |
20,000 [46] |
est. |
Turks in Israel |
| 21 |
 Iran |
Tehran |
15,000citation needed |
est. |
Not including the Iranian Azeris, and Qashqai |
| 22 |
 Norway |
Oslo |
14,084[47] |
2006 |
Turks in Norway |
| 23 |
 Italy |
Rome |
13,532 [48] |
2006 |
Turks in Italy |
| 24 |
 Moldova |
Chişinău |
11,000 [49] |
2004 |
Turks in Moldova |
| 25 |
 Japan |
Tokyo |
10,000 [50] |
2006 |
Turks in Japan |
| 26 |
 Liechtenstein |
Vaduz |
884 [51] |
2001 |
Turks in Liechtenstein |
| 27 |
 Croatia |
Zagreb |
300 [52] |
2001 |
Turks in Croatia |
| 28 |
 Slovenia |
Ljubljana |
259 [53] |
2002 |
Turks in Slovenia |
| Total |
|
c. |
c. (including Turkish natives) |
Flags used by Turkish people outside Turkey
|
|
|
|
Flag of Iraq Turkmen used by the Turks in Iraq
|
|
|
Famous people of the Diaspora
- Azra Akın, crowned Miss World 2002
- Fatih Akın, won the prize for best screenplay at the 60th Annual 2007 Cannes Film Festival also awarded the first edition of the LUX prize for European cinema by the European Parliament.
- Nebahat Albayrak, the current State Secretary of Justice in the Netherlands.
- Asli Bayram, former Miss Germany 2005
- Richard Bey, TV and Radio personality, former host of The Richard Bey Show, has also hosted radio shows with WABC, Sirius Satellite Radio, and The Wall Street Journal's This Morning
- Turhan Bey, 1940s and 1950s film star
- Tracey Emin, artist
- David Chokachi, actor best known for his work on Baywatch
- Irán Eory, famous actress in novellas such as María la del Barrio
- Ahmet Ertegün, founder of Atlantic Records, chairman of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, and co-founder of the New York Cosmos soccer team of the North American Soccer League
- Nesuhi Ertegün, record producer and executive of Atlantic Records
- Hadise, has won the TMF award for "Best Urban Act" in 2006 and 2007.
- John Ilhan, the richest Australian under 40 years of age in 2003
- Boris Johnson, Mayor of London
- Faik Konica, famous writer in Albania
- Arif Mardin, music producer
- Mehmet Oz, cardiothoracic surgeon and an award-winning author; famous for appearances on The Oprah Winfrey Show.
- Halil Süleyman Özerden, United States District Judge
- Hülya Şahin, former world champion in kick boxing and was world champion in amateur boxing as well. As of 2007, she is the undefeated WIBF world junior flyweight (48 kg) champion.
- Tarkan, a World Music award winning pop singer in Turkey
- Alexander Vallaury, architect of buildings such as Hotel Pera Palace and Istanbul Archaeology Museum
See also
References
- ^ American Heritage Dictionary (2000). "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition - "Turk"". Houghton Mifflin Company. Retrieved on 2006-12-27.
- ^ Turkish Odyssey
- ^ van Schendel, Willem; Erik Jan Zürcher (2001). Identity Politics in Central Asia and the Muslim World. I.B. Tauris.
- ^ Gogolin, Ingrid (2005). "Turks in Europe: Why are we afraid?" (PDF). The Foreign Policy Centre. Retrieved on 2008-06-10.
- ^ Twigg, Stephen (2002). "LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY AND NEW MINORITIES IN EUROPE" (PDF). Language Policy Division. Retrieved on 2008-06-10.
- ^ Turkish Americans
- ^ "The World Factbook" (HTML). United States Central Intelligence Agency (2007). Retrieved on 2007-03-28.
- ^ Turkish Statistical Institute
- ^ Helen Chapin Metz and the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. Iraq: A Country Study, p. 86.
- ^ Turkey: Facing a New Millennium : Coping with Intertwined Conflicts, By Amikam Nachmani, page 11, Published 2003, Manchester University Press, 264 pages, ISBN:0719063701
- ^ Roraback, Amanda (2004). Iraq in a Nutshell (in English). Enisen Publishing, p. 36. ISBN 978-0970290861. Retrieved on 2008-05-05. “Most of the nearly 2000000 Turkomans in Iraq live in the Kirkuk and Mosul... web link”
- ^ Adherents.com - Iraq
- ^ Aksiyon - Syrian Turks
- ^ National Statistical Institute - Population by districts and ethnos as of 1-03-2001 (census figures)
- ^ Gulcan, Nilgun (2006-04-16). "Population of Turkish Diaspora".
- ^ The press statement of Prime Minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer on the tentative results of 2006 population and housing census (5 May 2006)PDF (88.8 KiB) Nüfus ve Konut Sayimi
- ^ DESTROYING ETHNIC IDENTITY: THE TURKS OF GREECE
- ^ The Human Rights Watch: Turks Of Western Thrace
- ^ Greek - Turkish minorities
- ^ The World Factbook - Macedonia
- ^ Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Macedonia, 2002
- ^ Turks of Kosovo: What to Expect
- ^ The World Factbook - Romania
- ^ Census 2002
- ^ Ethnologue report for Turkish
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Germany
- ^ Hunter, Shireen (2002). Islam, Europe's Second Religion: The New Social, Cultural, and Political Landscape. Greenwood Publishing Group, 6. ISBN 978-0275976088.
- ^ Statistics Netherlands 2008
- ^ [1] (2007). "Turks in Britain" (HTML). Retrieved on 2007-07-09.
- ^ BBC Your Voice; Turkish today by Viv Edwards
- ^ Großer Türkenanteil in Österreich ::: Türkische Kulturgemeinde in Österreich :::
- ^ U.S. Census Bureau
- ^ The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History
- ^ THE TURKISH DIASPORA IN THE UNITED STATES AND ITS ROLE IN PROMOTING TURKISH-AMERICAN RELATIONS
- ^ {{cite web|author=Norwegian Institute of International Affairs }
- ^ Statistik Schweiz - Wohnbevölkerung nach Nationalität (2000)
- ^ Centre For Russian Studies 2002 Nationality Report
- ^ ARAB VERSUS ASIAN MIGRANT WORKERS IN THE GCC COUNTRIES
- ^ Gerald Robbins. Fostering an Islamic Reformation. American Outlook, Spring 2002 issue.
- ^ The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan
- ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2004-12-05). "2001 Census, 2054.0 Australian Census Analytic Program: Australians' Ancestries" (PDF). Retrieved on 2007-01-06.
- ^ Danmarks Statistik
- ^ Statistics Canada: Canada's National Statistics Agency
- ^ Turkish Canadian Relations
- ^ http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/may2008/venezuela Venezuela country profile
- ^ http://www.mirora.com/pdf/fifth_greatest_language_turkish.pdf "The fifth most spoken language of the world' Turkish".
- ^ Statistics Norway (2006-05-18). "Immigrant population and persons with other immigrant background, by country background and sex. 1 January 2006 (Corrected 18 May 2006)" (HTML). Retrieved on 2007-01-07.
- ^ Italian Census 2006
- ^ (Romanian) Official results of 2004 Moldovan census
- ^ "Japonya Türk Toplumu (Turkish Community of Japan)" (in Turkish). Embassy of Turkey in Japan. Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
- ^ Liechtenstein - Turkey
- ^ Croatian census 2001
- ^ Slovenian Census 2002
- ^ CRW Flags
- ^ DW World; Deutsche Welle
External links
Sosyo-Kültürel Ekonomik ve Siyasi Açıdan Avrupa'da Türk Gerçeği]
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